Epistemology (Islamic Philosophy)
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Introduction
- What is Epistemology?
- History of Epistemology in Western and Islamic Philosophy
- First division in Metaphysics: Ontology and Epistemology
- Differences between Epistemology and Logic
- Why is it important?
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Terminology
- علم، معرفة، ادراک
- Knowledge, science, perception, cognition
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Divisions of Knowledge (1)
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Knowledge by presence and acquired knowledge
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Kinds of Knowledge by Presence
- Self-awareness
- Knowledge of feelings (inner sense) and emotions
- Knowledge of the faculties of the soul
- Knowledge of direct actions of the soul (will, judgment, deliberation, attention, decision)
- Knowledge of mental forms and concepts
- Knowledge of the Existence-giving cause about its effect and vice versa
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Knowledge by presence = always particular and true
- Objections and Responses
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Division of Acquired Knowledge (1): (تصور و تصدیق)
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Conception
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Particular
- Sense
- Imagination
- (Wahmiyyat in its philosophical sense)
- (Mulla Sadra’s problem with the particularity of conceptions)
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Universal
- Primary Intelligibles (معقولات اولی)
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Secondary Intelligibles (معقولات ثانیه)
- Logical
- Philosophical
- Assent
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Divisions of Acquired Knowledge (2) (بدیهی و نظری)
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بدیهی
- Self-evident/Axiomatic (Assent)
- Simple and Immediate (Conception)
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نظری
- demonstrable/deductive (Assent)
- Complicated and Composite (Conception)
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Divisions of Acquired Knowledge (3)
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True
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Definition of true knowledge: justified true belief
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Justification:
- (cf. sources of knowledge; below)
- deduction, induction, analogy
- argumentative, polemic, rhetoric, poetic, fallacious
- Truth (resemblance, correspondence & coherence)
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Possibility of True Knowledge
- Scepticism
- History
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different forms of Scepticism
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absolute Scepticism
- theoretical
- psychological
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Modified (Modern) forms of Sophism
- (relativism & perspectivism)
- False
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Divisions of Knowledge (2) by its sources
- Intuition (self-consciousness etc.)
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Five senses (inner sense?)
- Empiricism and Rationalism
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Reason/Intellect
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Theoretical
- Universals
- Analysis
- Abstraction
- Deduction
- Practical
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(ontological and epistemological three-fold hierarchy:
- Sense/matter+form/ Material World
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Imagination/form without matter/ Mithal
- Muttasil/Internal and Munfasil/External Imagination
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Intellect/ Neither form nor matter/ Immaterial World)
- (The role and function of Khiyal (imagination) and Wahm)
- Narration/testimony
- Authority
- Mental and External Existence
- Epistemology of Religion and some commonly-raised issues.
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